1. Calculation of cycles, thermodynamic and thermal properties of working substances . 2. A refrigeration device passes a working substance through successive stages, overall constituting a cycle. 3. The working substance generates work in the " work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. 4. Both zoom in on how unethical it is ( or isn't ) to prescribe a non-working substance . 5. The working substance generates work in the " work by exploiting the properties of the working substance . 6. A heat " source " generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the high temperature state. 7. It does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. 8. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid. 9. They are not classical heat engines since they expel the working substance , which is also the combustion product, into the surroundings. 10. In 1824 Sadi Carnot described a thermodynamic system as the "'working substance "'( such as the volume of steam ) of any heat engine under study.
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